Judea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coordinates: 31°41′56″N 35°18′23″E
as a geographical term was revived by the Israeli government in the
20th century as part of the Israeli administrative district name Judea and Samaria Area for the territory generally referred to as the West Bank.[5]
Judea was sometimes used as the name for the entire region, including parts beyond the river Jordan.[6] In 200 CE Sextus Julius Africanus, cited by Eusebius (Church History 1.7.14), described "Nazara" (Nazareth) as a village in Judea.[7]
Judea was the name in use in English until the Jordanian occupation of the area in 1948.[citation needed] Jordan called the area ad-difa’a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the "West Bank").[8] "Yehuda" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern Israel since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in 1967.[9]
sea level in the east of the region. It also varies in rainfall,
starting with about 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills,
rising to 600 millimetres (24 in) around western Jerusalem (in central
Judea), falling back to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and
dropping to around 100 mm in the eastern parts, due to a rainshadow effect (this is the Judean desert). The climate, accordingly, moves between Mediterranean in the west and desert climate in the east, with a strip of steppe climate in the middle. Major urban areas in the region include Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Jericho and Hebron.[11]
Geographers divide Judea into several regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the Dead Sea. The hills are distinct for their anticline structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the Bible
records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area.
Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the
low ground to the hilltops as summer approaches, while the slopes are
still layered with centuries-old stone terracing. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judaean countryside.[12]
in 720 BCE. The Kingdom of Judah remained nominally independent, but
paid tribute to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the first
half of the 7th century BCE, regaining its independence as the Assyrian
Empire declined after 640 BCE, but after 609 again fell under the sway
of imperial rule, this time paying tribute at first to the Egyptians and
after 601 BCE to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, until 586 BCE, when it was finally conquered by Babylonia.
Judea is central to much of the narrative of the Torah, with the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob said to have been buried at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman
Empire. The Romans had allied themselves to the Maccabees and interfered again in 63 BCE, at the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome, including his siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE. Queen Alexandra Salome had recently died, and a civil war broke out between her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. Pompeius restored Hyrcanus but political rule passed to the Herodian family who ruled as client kings. In 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule as the southern part of the province of Iudaea. Eventually, the Jewish population rose against Roman rule in 66 CE in a revolt that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was besieged in 70 CE and much of the population was killed or enslaved.[15]
and established the last Kingdom of Israel, which lasted three years,
before the Romans managed to conquer the province for good, at a high
cost in terms of manpower and expense.
After the defeat of Bar Kokhba (132–135 CE) the Roman Emperor Hadrian was determined to wipe out the identity of Israel-Judah-Judea, and renamed it Syria Palaestina. Until that time the area had been called "province of Judea" (Roman Judea) by the Romans.[16] At the same time, he changed the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans killed many Jews and sold many more into slavery; many Jews departed into the Jewish diaspora,
but there was never a complete Jewish abandonment of the area, and Jews
have been an important (and sometimes persecuted) minority in Judea
since that time.[17]
See also: Judea (Roman province)
Judea or Judæa (/dʒuːˈdiː.ə/;[1] from Hebrew: יהודה, Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, Greek: Ἰουδαία, Ioudaía; Latin: IVDÆA, Arabic: يهودية, Yahudia) is the biblical, Roman, and modern name of the mountainous southern part of the Land of Israel. The name originates from the Canaanite and later neo-Babylonian and Persian name "Yehud" for the biblical tribe of Judah (Yehudah) and associated Kingdom of Judah, which the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia dates from 934 until 586 BCE.[2] The name of the region continued to be incorporated through the Babylonian conquest, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods as Babylonian Judea, Persian Judea, Hasmonean Judea, and consequently Herodian Judea and Roman Judea, respectively. As a consequence of the Bar Kokhba revolt, in 135 CE the region was renamed and merged with Roman Syria to form Syria Palaestina by the victorious Roman Emperor Hadrian. A large part of Judea was included in Jordanian West Bank between 1948 to 1967 (i.e., the "West Bank" of the Kingdom of Jordan).[3][4] The term Judeaas a geographical term was revived by the Israeli government in the
20th century as part of the Israeli administrative district name Judea and Samaria Area for the territory generally referred to as the West Bank.[5]
Contents
Etymology
The name Judea is a Greek and Roman adaptation of the name "Judah", which originally encompassed the territory of the Israelite tribe of that name and later of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Nimrud Tablet K.3751, dated c.733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the name Judah (written in Assyrian cuneiform as Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a).Judea was sometimes used as the name for the entire region, including parts beyond the river Jordan.[6] In 200 CE Sextus Julius Africanus, cited by Eusebius (Church History 1.7.14), described "Nazara" (Nazareth) as a village in Judea.[7]
Judea was the name in use in English until the Jordanian occupation of the area in 1948.[citation needed] Jordan called the area ad-difa’a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the "West Bank").[8] "Yehuda" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern Israel since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in 1967.[9]
Historical boundaries
The classical Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote:
In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath, which is
also named Borceos. This is the northern boundary of Judea. The southern
parts of Judea, if they be measured lengthways, are bounded by a
village adjoining to the confines of Arabia; the Jews
that dwell there call it Jordan. However, its breadth is extended from
the river Jordan to Joppa. The city Jerusalem is situated in the very
middle; on which account some have, with sagacity enough, called that
city the Navel of the country. Nor indeed is Judea destitute of such
delights as come from the sea, since its maritime places extend as far
as Ptolemais: it was parted into eleven portions, of which the royal
city Jerusalem
was the supreme, and presided over all the neighboring country, as the
head does over the body. As to the other cities that were inferior to
it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the second of those cities, and next to that Acrabatta, after them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and after them came Jamnia and Joppa,
as presiding over the neighboring people; and besides these there was
the region of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis,
which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa. This [last] country
begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and reaches
breadthways to the lake of Tiberias;
and in length is extended from a village called Arpha, as far as
Julias. Its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and Syrians. And thus have
I, with all possible brevity, described the country of Judea, and those
that lie round about it.[10]
Geography
Judea is a mountainous region, part of which is considered a desert. It varies greatly in height, rising to an altitude of 1,020 m (3,346 ft) in the south at Mount Hebron, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, and descending to as much as 400 m (1,312 ft) below
sea level in the east of the region. It also varies in rainfall,
starting with about 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills,
rising to 600 millimetres (24 in) around western Jerusalem (in central
Judea), falling back to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and
dropping to around 100 mm in the eastern parts, due to a rainshadow effect (this is the Judean desert). The climate, accordingly, moves between Mediterranean in the west and desert climate in the east, with a strip of steppe climate in the middle. Major urban areas in the region include Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Jericho and Hebron.[11]
Geographers divide Judea into several regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the Dead Sea. The hills are distinct for their anticline structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the Bible
records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area.
Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the
low ground to the hilltops as summer approaches, while the slopes are
still layered with centuries-old stone terracing. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judaean countryside.[12]
History
Early Iron Age
Main articles: History of ancient Israel and Judah and Kingdom of Judah
By the Early Iron Age, around 1020 BCE, the Southern Levant came to be ruled by the Kingdom of Israel, and its successors, the Northern Kingdom and the Kingdom of Judah. The Northern Kingdom was conquered into the Neo-Assyrian Empire
in 720 BCE. The Kingdom of Judah remained nominally independent, but
paid tribute to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the first
half of the 7th century BCE, regaining its independence as the Assyrian
Empire declined after 640 BCE, but after 609 again fell under the sway
of imperial rule, this time paying tribute at first to the Egyptians and
after 601 BCE to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, until 586 BCE, when it was finally conquered by Babylonia.
Judea is central to much of the narrative of the Torah, with the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob said to have been buried at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
Persian and Hellenistic periods
Main article: Persian Judah
The Babylonian Empire fell to the conquests of Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.[13] Judea remained under Persian rule until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, eventually falling under the rule of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire until the revolt of Judas Maccabeus resulted in the Hasmonean dynasty of Kings who ruled in Judea for over a century.[14]Roman conquest
See also: Iudaea (Roman province)
Judea lost its independence to the Romans in the 1st century BCE, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman
Empire. The Romans had allied themselves to the Maccabees and interfered again in 63 BCE, at the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome, including his siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE. Queen Alexandra Salome had recently died, and a civil war broke out between her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. Pompeius restored Hyrcanus but political rule passed to the Herodian family who ruled as client kings. In 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule as the southern part of the province of Iudaea. Eventually, the Jewish population rose against Roman rule in 66 CE in a revolt that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was besieged in 70 CE and much of the population was killed or enslaved.[15]
Bar Kokhba revolt
Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt
Again 70 years later, the Jewish population rovolted under the leadership of Simon bar Kokhbaand established the last Kingdom of Israel, which lasted three years,
before the Romans managed to conquer the province for good, at a high
cost in terms of manpower and expense.
After the defeat of Bar Kokhba (132–135 CE) the Roman Emperor Hadrian was determined to wipe out the identity of Israel-Judah-Judea, and renamed it Syria Palaestina. Until that time the area had been called "province of Judea" (Roman Judea) by the Romans.[16] At the same time, he changed the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans killed many Jews and sold many more into slavery; many Jews departed into the Jewish diaspora,
but there was never a complete Jewish abandonment of the area, and Jews
have been an important (and sometimes persecuted) minority in Judea
since that time.[17]
Timeline
- 11th century BCE–930 BCE — part of the Kingdom of Israel
- 930 BCE–586 BCE — Kingdom of Judah
- 586 BCE–539 BCE — Babylonian Empire
- 539 BCE–332 BCE — Persian Empire
- 332 BCE–305 BCE — Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great
- 305 BCE–198 BCE — Ptolemaics
- 198 BCE–141 BCE — Seleucids
- 141 BCE–37 BCE — The Hasmonean state in Israel established by the Maccabees, after 63 BCE under Roman supremacy
- 63 BCE – Pompey's conquest of Jerusalem
- 37 BCE–132 CE — Herodian Dynasty ruling Judea as client kings under Roman supremacy (37 BCE–6 CE, 41–44 CE, 48–100 CE, Herod the Great, Agrippa I, Agrippa II respectively), interchanging with direct Roman rule (6–41, 44–132).
- 6 – Census of Quirinius
- 26–36 – Pontius Pilate prefect of Roman Judea during the Crucifixion of Jesus
- 66–73 – First Jewish–Roman War, includes Destruction of the Second Temple in 70
- 115–117 — Kitos War
- 132–135 — Bar Kokhba's revolt
- 135 — Emperor Hadrian reverts to the name Syria Palaestina first used by Herodotus.
See also
References
- LDS.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide" (retrieved 2012-02-25), IPA-ified from «jū-dē´a»
- "Judah, Kingdom of". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict – Mark A. Tessler – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
- http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/world/middleeast/05mideast.html?_r=0
- Neil Caplan (19 September 2011). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. ISBN 978-1405175395.
- Studies in Palestinian Geography, Prof. S.J. Riggs, Auburn Theological Seminary, 1894, JSTOR The Biblical World
- "A few of the
careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either
by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the
registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble
extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni,
on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming
from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the
world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book
of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius Pamphili, Church History, Book I, Chapter VII,§ 14) - "This Side of the River Jordan; On Language," Philologos, September 22, 2010, Forward.
- "Judaea". Britannica. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
- "Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century CE". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
- "Picturesque Palestine I: Jerusalem, Judah, Ephraim". Lifeintheholyland.com. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
- "Unlikely
A Tale of Two Conquests: The Unlikely Numismatic Association Between
the Fall of New France (AD 1760) and the Fall of Judaea (AD 70)". Ansmagazine.com. Retrieved 2012-12-31. - "The Persians". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- "The Hasmonean Dynasty". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- "Roman Rule". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- "The Name "Palestine"". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- "Shimon Bar-Kokhba". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judea. |
- Judea and civil war
- The subjugation of Judea
- Judaea 6–66 CE
- Judea photos
- The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
|
|
Categories:
- Judea and Samaria Area
- Judea
- Ancient Jewish Greek history
- Ancient Jewish history of Roman Republic and Roman Empire eras
- Ancient Jewish Persian history
- Archaeological sites in Israel
- Biblical places
- Deserts of Israel
- Geography of Palestine
- Geography of the West Bank
- Hebrew Bible places
- Historical regions
- New Testament places
- Regions of Israel
- West Bank
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario